WW2 Secret Radar and the Shadow Factory
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My time at EKCO Malmesbury 1939-1945

By Jack Leonard -- March 2006

My first association with EKCO started in 1936, when after leaving collage, with a colleague I journeyed from Bristol to Southend seeking work at this marvellous company we had heard about.


Jack Leonard (far right -- in light suite) visiting Southend in 1936

Unfortunately, nothing came of this but little did I realise at that time that only 3 years later in completely different circumstances I would become an employee, this time at Malmesbury.

In October 1939, I approached the EKCO Radio Service repair centre in Bristol and met a chap called Ron Parry. Unfortunately he was unable to offer me a post but told me of a new EKCO factory, which was just setting up in Malmesbury and suggested that I approach them since he'd heard that they were looking for staff.

After a successful interview with Mr Lipman and Mr Harbour, I joined E.K. Cole in December 1939 although there was little to do at that time since there was a lot of building alteration and transformation taking place to Cowbridge House.

I was therefore posted to Southend for 3 to 4 months to learn the intricacies of 'test and inspection' and came under the wing of Harry Troughton, who was an old school teacher from up north -- very outspoken, but a person who was to have a great influence on me for the next few years.

I returned to Malmesbury in April 1940 and shortly after this Harry Troughton and his wife moved as well. They lived in a house not far from Bremilham Road where I was billeted with Mrs Emery (although I later moved from here to billet with Mrs Bonds in Bristol Road with 4 other fellow employee's).

I spent many evenings with Harry and his wife, listening to the radio or playing cards etc. Harry was an excellent teacher and taught me Algebra to a fairly high standard. I still have the Algebra book and looking at it now, I cannot believe that I worked through so many problems, although now it's mostly forgotten. Incidentally I note the date I wrote inside the book was May 1942.

The next person I would like to mention, and who became a good friend of mine was Mr. Harris who was an A.I.D. (Aeronautical Inspection Directorate) inspector. He was a brilliant mathematician as well as a radio expert. He passed his Higher National Certificate but his parents could not afford for him to go to university.

I recall one incident when I was testing a piece of apparatus where Mr. Harris was sitting alongside me in order to oversee my readings etc on the test set when I noticed that he was very busy writing, what I thought was a letter, so I gave him a nudge and said 'have a look at this Mr. Harris is it OK', so he stopped writing and looked at what I was showing him, meanwhile I glanced at what he was writing and was surprised to see that it was full of mathematics, so I asked him what it was all about, to which he replied 'Oh that's Bessell functions', needless to say I was none the wiser.

I remember he wrote a technical article on the VT90 transmitter valves, which was published in the technical journal 'Wireless Engineer' the upshot of which being that the Mullard Research Laboratories wrote to him asking if he would join them, unfortunately the A.I.D. would not release him.

He was a most brilliant man and I can see him now walking through the factory, his head swivelling slightly from side to side, in a world of his own. I consider it a privilege to have known him.

Two more people I mention briefly are Peter Carr and Eric Seymour. Pete Carr was a friend of Mr. Verrells son and was well spoken with a keen sense of humour; he became a friend of mine, as did Eric Seymour who I worked with.

Eric was a fitness fanatic and once, for a bet, attempted to ride his Claude Butler bike to Swindon and back in the allotted 1-hour lunch break (a distance of some 26 miles). He arrived back slightly over the hour, sweating profusely as it was summer time but nevertheless an impressive performance.

My cycling prowess was nothing like Eric's even though like most people I cycled to work and my best effort was cycling home to Bristol one summers Sunday evening, but I only did this one way and on the return I put the bike on the train to Little Somerford, which was a quaint station and in the winter always had a lovely fire burning in the waiting room.

Eric and I once went to London for a weekend break where we stayed at the Cumberland Hotel, near Marble Arch. This was the first time either he or I had experienced such luxury. I was saddened to hear of his passing from Anne Gilmore in 1995.

Of the ladies, I mention two, namely Mrs Chadwick and Mrs Hemms. Mrs Chadwick was in charge of a production line (she wore a white coat) and Mrs Hemms was an inspector on the same line.

They were both nice ladies, who had transferred from Southend and it was Mrs Hemms who took pity on me and taught me to dance because the dances held in the canteen were the high lights of a somewhat lack-lustre existence in Malmesbury at that time.

The dances were an important part of keeping morale up since many of the people working at Malmesbury during the war were living away from home and in consequence the dances were looked forward to with much anticipation.

Under the guidance of 'Hemmy' as I called her, I learned quickly the essentials of dancing and soon became the envy of some ladies who previously had avoided dancing with me, which was understandable since, until Hemmy took me under her wing I had very little idea of dancing was all about. Hemmy told me that she used to go to dances at the Hammersmith Palais and other venues in and around London.

Both Mrs Chadwick and Mrs Hemms returned to Southend before the end of the war and dances were never the same for me after then. Incidentally, I don't think I ever did know their Christian names.

Returning to my exploits at Malmesbury, I was a tester involved in 'final inspection and test' and held inspection stamp number E.K.C. 16.

The first equipment I worked on was the setting up and testing the AI Mark III transmitter and receiver. This equipment was the first radar system to be made at Malmesbury although 'at the time' caused a lot of speculation since we were not told of its use, it was a case of learning as we went along.

The receiver equipment was temperamental to say the least and a bit tricky to set up correctly although they were quite simple in concept, consisting of a Pye 45Mcs IF strip with a VHF front end which consisted of an acorn valve triode type 954 as a local oscillator and a 955 acorn pentode as a mixer. The Pye strip was a pre-war TV TRF receiver, which included 6 Mullard EF 50 (VR91) valves. The radar receiver tuned over the range196 - 220 Mcs.

I remember Queen Mary visiting the factory well, she walked right past me and I'm just out of the photo.


Air Commodore Hugh Leedham escorting Queen Mary

With regard to the photo, in addition to Air Commodore Hugh Leedham escorting the Queen, Tony Martin is just behind her and Eric Cole next to an RAF Officer. Mr. Lipman is far right holding papers in his hand and behind him, in a grey suite is Mr. Harbour looking down at something.

On the bench can be seen 2 sets of 'Lecher Lines', hollow tubes that held the VT90 transmitter valves, you can see the clamps at the ends and the 2 insulated fixing tails that held them firmly in the chassis of the AI Mark III. If you did not switch the blower motor on before carrying out any tests, the valves would melt and incidentally the blower motors were made by Hoover.

Note: Lecher Lines enabled valves to oscillate at wavelengths from 10 centimetres (3,000 mc/s) to a few metres, which was quite something in those days.

Also on the bench can be seen a display unit lying on its side with the cathode ray tube running down the length of the chassis with valves and other components on either side.

In the winter of 1941, I spent a week at WDU in the high street together with a Mr Derbyshire from A.I.D. (Mr. Derbyshire was a stickler for ensuring everything was 'spot on' and a far different person than Mr. Harris.) We had to test a mobile electric generator, which powered some radar equipment (now known to be AMES-6 desert radar - editor). I remember it well because there was snow on the ground and some of the tests were done outside and it was cold to say the least. I was certainly happy when the week was over and I went back to the warmth of the factory.

In late 1942, a test tower was built in the north-east corner of the grounds to bench test the radar units. This structure was a corrugated iron structure on a steel framework and was about 15 feet square and 90 feet high. There was only one floor at the top, which was accessed by an 'open' steel spiral staircase running around the 4 sides and there was a small electric hoist, which was used for winching units up and down.

In the room at the top of the tower there was a test bench about 12 feet long where we could connect up all the units and run a live test. On one side was a large window made of 'Perspex' through which we pointed the antenna towards a 'target mast' 70 feet high about 2 miles away to the north-east on farm land just outside the village of Garsdon.

By using this target tower as a reference, we could test the accuracy of the reflected beam on the indicator unit as well as the sensitivity of the receiver.


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This test room was mostly used for testing the AI Mark VII and VIII radars, which were in production by then and such was the urgency to get units delivered to the RAF that both the A.I.D. and the RAF accepted our setting up, inspection and testing, which meant that units could be directly fitted to aircraft.

An interesting footnote to this tower was that a special pass was needed to access the tower and a security guard was posted at the bottom.

I spent many months more or less on my own up in this test room although we did get occasional visits from the boffins at T.R.E. when something or the other needed to be checked out or when some modification was made or just tested.

One of the benefits of being in the tower was that it allowed me to do quite a bit of studying and I still have 'Admiralty Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy Volume 1 and 2, which were considered to be the bible of radio communications at that time and essential reading. Looking at them now you realise how far things have progressed since those days. Incidentally, looking at volume 2, on the inside front cover I see I bought this book in August 1941 at W.H. Smiths in Malmesbury High Street price 6 shillings and it was first published in 1938, reprinted in 1939 and again in 1940.

In addition to Mr. Harris, another man who took an interest in my studies was a Mr. Loxton, he was also an A.I.D. Inspector and hailed from Derby. I believe he had an Electrical business in Derby and in fact invited me to join him after the war although this did not happen.

I have to say that all the A.I.D. Inspectors were great fellows and together they had a great influence on me at the time.

I left E.K. Cole in early 1945 and moved to work for E.M.I. at Hayes on the repair and overall section of H2S but that's another story.


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